The places of articulation in the vocal tract
The manner of the articulation and the representation
in EL
Diacritics which do double duty as phoneme bases
Consonants are produced using these vocal organs (showed by the numbers of the organs):
Nasal {13,7} / Bilabial {1,2} / Labiodental {2,3} / Dental {3,9} / Alveolar {4.9 and the blade} /
Postalveolar {4,5,9,10} / Lateral plosive, fricative, ejective, implosive or click {6,11}
Retroflex {9, between 5 and 4} / Palatal {5,10} / Velar {{7,12} / Uvular {8,12) /
Pharyngeal {front and back wall of 14} / Glottal {15}
Each of the consonant bases is explained in the consonant section.
The way to pronounce using the air stream from the lungs,
usually pulmonic is used for speaking.
Non-pulmonic: Making a voice or a sound unrelated to the air stream from the lungs.
There are three kinds: Implosives, Ejectives and Clicks .
See the consonant section about these sounds and also examples of the following types of consonants.
Homorganic Affricate: The first a sharp plosive sounds, but this is followed by an element of audible friction using the same organs.
Affricate with two different closures: When making two different closures for both plosive and friction as affricate, a base overlay of the plosive and the fricative is used for showing it.
Sometimes a consonant uses two points of articulation.
IPA uses small diacritical marks to distinguish for secondary articulation,
but EL expresses by just compounding phonemes, indicating each main articulation point/way.
So Secondary Articulations are shown as below.
Nasalization:(02)
The soft palate is lowered, allowing some of the air stream to escape through the nose.
French and Portuguese use many Nasalized vowels.
Rhoticization:(36)
The tip of the tongue is curled backward (Retroflex) at the same time as the primary articulation is made.
Labialization:(31)
Lips are excessibly rounded at the same time as the primary articulation is made.
Palatalization:or
The tongue is raised to a high front position at the same time as the primary articulation is made.
This palatal approximant{52,63} sounds the same to the vowel
(04)[i].
The baseworks as palatalization for a consonant character. To palatalize a vowel with out adding other characteristics of
, the base
is compounded.
Velarization:or
(for just narrowing at the articulation place)
The tongue is raised to a high back position at the same time as the primary articulation is made.
This tongue situation is the same to the vowel(30).
When the velar function is one of the main part of a consonant,or
(for voiced) are used,
as[ n ],
,
,
and oral clicks.
Pharyngealization:
The pharynx is narrowed at the same time as the primary articulation is made.
Arabic uses many pharyngealized phonemes.
(70) is usually compounded with another phoneme.
Written by Yoshiko, Refereed to: 'The Cambridge encyclopedia
of language'( Cambridge University Press, 1987),
Webster's Dictionary - deluxe edition, Kenkyusha's New
English-Japanese Dictionary (1987),
International Phonetic
Alphabet and 7
bit representation of the IPA.(This link doesn't work in 2009.
Instead, a visitor, Katie recommends International
Phonetic Alphabet in the Voices.com)
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