The Consonant Tables (Renewed on May 2005)


. . . . . .

Consonants with the Air Stream from the Lung
Consonants without the Air Stream from the Lung (Click)

Consonants with the Air Stream from the Lung

The numbers are the organ positions which work for the pronunciation. (Refer to the Organ Picture)
The words next of the numbers or started by a capital letter are technical terms from International Phonetic Alphabets(IPA).
The contents of [ ] is also IPA for a main consonant.
Each basic symbol is in a frame.


main
organs
the both lips
1,2
Bilabial
the upper
teeth
and the
lower lip
2,3
Labio-
dental
the upper teeth and
the tongue
tip and rims
3,4,9,10
Dental
the brade
and the tip
of the tongue
4,(6),9,10
Alveolar
4,5,6,9,10
Post-
alveolar,
Retroflex

(the curled tongue)
the hard palate
and the front
of the tongue
5,9,10
Palatal
the soft
palate and
the back of
the tongue
7,12
Velar
the uvula
and the deep
back of
the tongue
8,12
Uvular
the wall of
the pharynx
14
Pharyn-
geal
the vocal
cord
and glottis
15
Glottal
nasal
sound
13
[m]





[n]


[ŋ]
[N]


plosive
sound
[p]
[b]






[t]
[d]




[c]
[k]
[g]

[q]
[G]


fricative
sound



[f]
[v]
[θ]


[s]
[z]




[ʒ]





[x]







[h]


with
a vowel
Affricate










through
narrow room/
Appro-ximant



[υ]


[r]
[j]




4(5),9,11
Lateral
Appro-ximant/
tongue-side


[l]










quiver/
shake, Trill
[B]






[R]

Tap or Flap










shutting the air
stream Stop









Consonants Non-pulmonic (without the Air Stream from the Lung)


main
organs
Bilabial
1,2 and
7,8,12
or(15)
Dental
(3),4,9,
10,7,8,
12
Alveolar

Lateral
4,9,10
or
tong side
11
Retro-
flex

9,5,
11, 8,12
Palatal
hard palate
5,9,10,
8,12

soft
palate

7,8,12
and 15
Uvula
Nasal
cavity,
Uvla
8,12,13
Ejectives










Grotalic
Ingress ives











Velaric
Ingressive/
Oral-click
 



Nasal Velaric
Ingressive









Opposite
air stream









* can be compounded with a vowel or Pharyngeal/Glottals as , .

Each details of these sounds and Implosives are in the consonant section.
Try many more combination sounds.

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This tentative plan was made by Yoshiko McFarland. Thanks Mattias in Sweden for the checking.